�
On the
road to direct democracy
Johannes St�ttgen and social sculpture
Joseph Beuys expert Johannes St�ttgen was
awarded an honorary fellowship by Oxford�s Brookes University in September for
his outstanding work on social sculpture. Oxford Brookes is the only university
to have a research department for social sculpture (SSRU � Social Sculpture Research
Unit), which was founded in 1998. NNA correspondent Edith Willer-Kurtz visited
Johannes St�ttgen at the �Omnibus for Direct Democracy�, and attended two of
his lectures in Bochum and Dusseldorf.
DUSSELDORF/BOCHUM (NNA) � What is needed,
says Johannes St�ttgen is to promote human autonomy and responsibility: acting
out of autonomous inner impulses, and making decisions that consciously relate to
society and benefit humanity. He continues his lecture by admitting that these concepts
need explaining, and then leads his audience into a conceptual world that is
new for some, and which he renders very vividly. Our consciousness, he says,
needs to awaken to Direct Democracy and all that this
implies.
Based on Rudolf Steiner�s ideas of a
threefold social organism, which were also aired by Joseph Beuys in his
artistic and often provocative �actions�,�
people should, according to St�ttgen, use discussion to develop a new
way of forming their own lives and society, one appropriate to our era. Joseph
Beuys called this social sculpture. Johannes St�ttgen explains what this means,
and how �the human being still needs to come into his own�.
Looking back to Greek democracy at a time
when people could still hearken to divine inspiration, giving expression to
this in works of art, and also drawing impulses for action from it (democracy
and state), Joseph Beuys linked politics and art. �Every person is an artist�
was a motto which for him meant �someone who takes responsibility for creating society,
for the whole�. This is only possible �if human beings identify the creativity
in themselves, drawing on their future destiny as the culmination and key
significance of evolution�. According to Beuys�s expanded concept of art, the
human being is himself the archetypal work of art.
Johannes St�ttgen studied under Beuys at
Dusseldorf art academy in the sixties. From 1971 onwards he became his master
student and then his closest colleague. Following this he
worked as art teacher in Gelsenkirchen for nine years, where he and his
students carried out street info actions each week. �Every inhabitant of
Gelsenkirchen,� he says, �should have heard of the threefold society at least
once.� It was this unusual work which drew the attention of Rainer Rappmann. The
meeting of the two gave rise to an intense collaboration and friendship, and to
the �Association for promoting the expanded concep of art and social
sculpture�, with its
large archive of books and catalogues.
St�ttgen is also co-founder and partner of
Direct Democracy�s development and research enterprise, Omnibus GmbH [plc],
which seeks practical ways to serve the idea of freedom. The �Omnibus for
Direct Democracy� has existed in Stuttgart since 1978. St�ttgen comments: �It is
also a symbol: a double-decker with a higher level on top, with two bumpers
above and below to counter resistance.� The first blue Omnibus, after a seven-year
career that took it to 737 destinations, now stands at Freudenberg Castle�s
�Experience field of the senses and thinking� in Wiesbaden. It contains
1,074,239 signatures petitioning for the right to hold a federal referendum.
Seven bee colonies live in it and produce honey.
Since 2001 another, white omnibus has been
on the road (the word omnibus is Latin and literally means for, through or with
all). Once again it is a tool for debating the democracy question in the larger
context of social sculpture. From this arise, as a matter of course, questions about
the state�s legislative structure and aims, for instance in relation to
independent, publicly-funded schools. And this also gives rise to the idea of
introducing the federal referendum as allowed under article 20/2 of basic law,
which states: �All power of the state originates with the people. It is
exercised by the people in elections and votes (�)�
Numerous initiatives � 152 in the last ten
years, around a third of these since the new millennium � show how positive
things can develop at a regional level through pressure from citizens, although
�we, as citizens, have to fight for our voting rights� as it says in an information
leaflet issued by Omnibus. Together with the �More Democracy� association,
Omnibus has already achieved impressive things: In Bavaria, for instance,
almost 1.3 million citizens had signed a petition for a referendum by 1995, and
in October of that year they won their referendum. Since then over 1,200 public
petitions have been organised. In collaboration with the �More citizens�
rights� association, the referendum movement for new voting legislation started
in Hamburg in autumn 2002. After overcoming various hurdles, and working together
with �More Democracy� among others, the required number of signatures were
submitted to the senate at the end of September 2003. Hamburg�s citizens are on
the way to earning themselves the most democratic voting rights of any federal
region in Germany. Up to the summer of 2003, at local municipal level, 2,754
public petitions and 1,378 local referenda had been carried out in German
cities and local regions in a very vibrant expression of living democracy. In
Frankfurt, Kulmbach and Ottobeuren, for instance, it proved possible by this
means to prevent cross-border leasing agreements in which municipal property is
rented by third parties which then lease them back to the municipality.
The problem of the mystery or even
martyrdom of money is one which Johannes St�ttgen describes in an introductory
address to a seminar on future forms of money. From the pathological symptoms
afflicting modern society he moves on to examine the alternative: money as
medium of exchange for finished products only, decoupled from the dependence
which arises when labour is exchanged as if it were a commodity. A new way of thinking
elaborates a picture of money working organically, playing its true, regulating
role in economic life and subject to democratic control. In the Omnibus info
leaflet one can find information on the introduction of the �Chiemgauer�, a
regional �complementary currency� which is now working successfully. The model
has around 40 successors in Germany. Thomas Mayer, co-director of Omnibus, is
supervising further local currency initiatives.
�
The �Omnibus for Direct Democracy� carries
with it all the necessary information on its cross-country trips, and can
network various initiatives with each other, and also offer support for
organising public petitions. Johannes St�ttgen puts it like this: �We don�t
have anything against political parties, we only object to electing them. Parties
should offer consultation and advice from a variety of perspectives� and then,
if people are allowed to vote after receiving independent information on
issues, we could have referenda at a national level.�
Werner K�ppers, an activist of and in the
Omnibus fills out the picture: �We ourselves, we human beings determine the
quality of democracy.� Self-determination, stresses St�ttgen, is necessary for
authentic action, and points out that the word �vote� derives from �votum�
(Latin) meaning to express a wish or make a vow. �We need to learn,� he says, �to
listen to the expressions of our own inner voice and to perceive those of each
other. We can tune in together to what the whole wishes.Only by listening to
others� wishes do we become able to make our self-determined vow and properly
cast our vote.� In this creative dynamic, says St�ttgen, warmth develops in the
way that Beuys understands it. At the same time this creates the living context
and basis for what Rudolf Steiner explains as the threefold social organism.
Johannes St�ttgen is devoting his whole
artistic energy to forming the substance of this idea.
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